Philosophical Reflection Essay

In the words of Socrates, the Great Greek philosopher, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living†. One of the major things that distinguish man from other animals is his ability to ruminate. To be is to be conscious and to be conscious means to be fully aware and thoughtful. In a world where different belief systems are flying around, man needs to test all things and hold on to that which is certain. We should pattern our lives in such a way that we separate truth from illusion and make decisions after careful or critical consideration. Philosophical reflection is the careful examination of life situations. This involves the weighing of several alternatives and using specific standards to evaluate one’s actions. A man reflects philosophically when he is able to build on previous actions, events, or decisions. This essential attribute spells the difference between man and other lower animals whose basis of action is their feeling. Making an assessment of my life, i will say that philosophical reflection has been a part of my life. I learnt the importance of making the right choices early in life. My father used to tell me; â€Å"You are what you do†. I guess this made me develop a cautious attitude towards making decisions and evaluating issues before coming to a conclusion. I have grown up to see things from different points of view. I do not accept a view because of who said it, rather, i put all things into scrutiny in order to hold on to that which is true. Before making a decision, i draw up a probable conclusion on the eventualities and weigh up the effect of my actions. I believe the wisest of men can learn from a fool and in view of this, i do not write-off anybody. I carefully and critically examine a pre-existing belief before incorporating it as my belief system. As i have discovered, many of the things people believe are lies and illusions. I do not attach sentiments to whatever i do because this will lead my judgement astray. Reference:

Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting

AC 216 – Ethics and Professionalism in Accounting Exam #1 Name SOLUTIONS Part I. Multiple Choice (2 pts each, 40 pts total) Instructions: Select the one best answer to each question. 1. The insufficient anchor adjustment cognitive bias refers to: a. placing too much significance on the average value. b. placing significance on an erroneous prior value. c. overconfidence in one’s decision based on insufficient information. d. placing too much significance on a value which is the hardest to recall. 2. Which of the following characteristics typifies a complicated environment? . good practice. b. process reengineering. c. exclusive use of experts. d. best practice. â€Å"c† arguably makes sense but the word â€Å"exclusive† makes it less than the best answer. 3. Which of the following statements is correct: a. Problems can be universally agreed upon, while issues are subject to greater depth of debate. b. Problems and issues are both always universally agreed upon. c. Issues can be universally agreed upon, while problems are subject to greater depth of debate. d. Problems are exactly the same as issues. 4.Deciding whether to use strawberry or grape jam on one’s sandwich is: a. not a moral issue because no real decision needs to be made. b. a moral issue because a choice between alternatives is required. c. not a moral issue because no component of harm exists. d. a moral issue because consequences are important. 5. Ksenia believes that success is under her own control. She most likely has a/an: a. high internal locus of control b. high external locus of control c. high locus of control d. a lack of locus of control 6. Kohlberg’s theories on ethical awareness state that: . differing levels of ethical awareness exist. b. locus of control determines one’s level of ethical awareness. c. most individuals reach a â€Å"stage 3† level of ethical awareness. d. both A and C are correct. 7. Which of the following statem ents regarding Trevino’s eight steps to ethical decision making are incorrect? a. The framework starts off with mechanical steps followed by personal ones. b. Identification of stakeholders and weighing alternatives are two separate steps. c. In real life decision making, not all eight steps are always followed. d.The role of intuition is not considered. 8. Which of the following ethical approaches is considered to be a mixed framework? a. Kant ethics. b. Sidgwick’s dualism. c. Love ethic. d. Existentialism. 9. The Existentialism approach is similar to the egoism approach in what regard? a. Both are teleological approaches. b. Both are deontological approaches. c. Both have a narrow individual focus. d. Both balance individual and group considerations. 10. Which of the following statements is correct? a. Business ethics deals exclusively with the theory behind right and wrong. b.Business ethics deals with the application of standards of right and wrong. c. Ethics and l aw are synonymous. d. Ethics and morality are exactly the same since both deal with application of right and wrong. 11. Which of the following describes law and ethics. a. They are exactly the same. b. Some legal actions may not be ethical. c. All ethical actions are also legal. d. All legal actions are also ethical. 12. According to the textbook and class discussion, U. S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines: a. Treat all firms equally despite their attempts to act ethically. b.Increase the severity of penalties for firms that tried to act ethically but failed to do so. c. Attempt to reduce the severity of penalties when a firm has tried to act ethically. d. Treat misconduct as a clear cut matter of right or wrong. 13. The argument for extreme ethical relativism fails because: a. It is illogical. b. It advocates a consequentialist decision making framework. c. It advocates a mixed framework approach. d. Both A and C are correct. 14. Ethical conduct depends largely on: a. Good decision ma king. b. Practical application of standards of right and wrong. . Making decisions when not all facts are known. d. All of the above. 15. Which of the following best typify’s a Contractarian Ethics approach? a. Treating like cases in a consistent and fair manner. b. Focusing on overall collective benefit for society. c. Balancing just actions for individuals only. d. Everyone should look out for themselves only. In this way, overall society benefits. 16. A set of practices, for polite society, common to a particular group is called: a. etiquette. b. custom. c. law. d. professionalism. 17. According to Jim Collins great companies focus on: a.Short-term goals only. b. Long-term goals only. c. Both short and long term goals. d. Neither short nor long term goals. 18. Intuitionalism: a. is a mixed framework. b. emphasizes rules and exceptions to the rule. c. a deontological framework. d. Both â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† 19. Which of the following is correct regarding the d efinitions of the following terms? | |Morality |Ethics | |a. |Theoretical |Practical | |b. |Practical |Theoretical | |c. Theoretical |Theoretical | |d. |Practical |Practical | 20. Which of the following statements regarding business ethics is incorrect? a. The mechanics of thinking and decision making are key components. b. Use of different approaches and frameworks always yields the same decision since there is always a best option. c. Decisions often need to be made when all facts are not known. d. Just because more than one option exists, it does not mean that all options are acceptable. Part II. Essay (20 points each; 60 points total)Prepare a proper essay response to all three of the questions appearing below. 1. Define the notion of an â€Å"ethical dilemma. † What tests are available which help to indicate the presence of an â€Å"ethical dilemma? † 2. If you had to choose just one of the philosophical approaches discussed in this chapter to guide your decision making, which would you choose? Why? Or, if you had to rank them from most to least helpful, how would you rank them? 3. Citing an example to help illustrate your point, define and apply the 8 steps recommended in ethical decision making as discussed by Trevino.

Design lead project management Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Design lead project management - Thesis Example Secondly, in last two decades, the profession that comes up with growth and innovation. This profession has been fractured into many sub specialties. These include: real estate brokers, interior designers, municipal expediters, construction managers and on site inspection providers. I believe today’s architect must be able to perform most of the above services in house or create a team to meet the client needs. However the central duty of an architect remains the same, which he is performing continuously through the ages. Once the landowners looked to the architect as the ‘Master Builder’, responsible for the selection of the building site, aesthetic appearance, construction technique, material strengths, bureaucratic mastery and cost control. Today landowners, business leaders and developers still demand the same qualities from the architectural profession. Many clients have gain confidence in the professions ability to solve complex construction issues. As a res ult, many clients seek out persons willing to provide these services, which continue to be vital in the successful completion of a construction project. Most clients have achieved success by taking a proactive instance in their own businesses and have the right to demand the same from their architect, as well as mastery in skills of controlling the design and construction process. Today, we all are fortunate to have a few beacons in positions of leadership such as project managers who is trying to restore peoples confidence in the profession by restating state law that the architect is the person ultimately responsible for the built environment, thereby, allowing the architect more control over the process. To achieve successful completion of a construction project the client looks to his or her architect to develop the projects program, supervise and prepare construction documents, and know how and when to recommend, seek out, and organize a team of

Describe and explain the nature and purpose of a Cathlic School, Essay

Describe and explain the nature and purpose of a Cathlic School, according to documents published by the Catholic Church - Essay Example Catholic schools have been developed with a different aim and have been able to provide excellent education for several decades. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the nature and purpose of Catholic education as per the documents published by the Catholic Church. In order to gain a clear perspective of the nature and the purpose of Catholic Education, a brief background and history has been discussed. Following this, a detailed discussion of nature and purpose has been presented. History of Catholic Education: Catholic schools are ‘Permeated by Faith’. In 1823, the Benevolent Irish Society opened up a school in St John’s to help poor people as a form of charity. This school was originally known as Orphan Asylum School, and went on to be used by Roman Catholics and Bishop Anthony Fleming. One of the major concerns then was the non-support from the Government to provide any form of financial support to the school (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). Of great concern t o Bishop Fleming was the government’s refusal to help the Orphan Asylum financially, despite the fact that it was the islands largest school and other denominational schools were receiving government support (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). ... In 1842 saw the development of a new act which was based on dividing the grant for the schools evenly between the Roman Catholics and Protestants (From Slate to Chalk, n.d.). As time passed several changes and improvements were brought about in the schooling systems and by the mid twentieth century, the focus was now on improving the overall facilities in the schools and making them more effective, in terms of provisions like electricity, water supply and convenience for the students (McBrien, 1994). However throughout the improvements that were being made, the main focus of the schools was on discipline and need for well grown individuals. The next section will detail the nature of catholic education. Nature of Catholic Education: As per the Vatican II document – Gravissimum Education, the nature of Catholic schools has been expressed as: â€Å"The Catholic school pursues cultural goals and the natural development of youth to the same degree as any other school. What makes t he Catholic school distinctive is its attempt to generate a community climate in the school that is permeated by the Gospel spirit of freedom and love. It tries to guide the adolescents in such a way that personality development goes hand in hand with the development of the 'new creature' that each one has become through baptism. It tries to relate all of human culture to the good news of salvation so that the light of faith will illumine everything that the students will gradually come to know about the world, about life, and about the human person† (Alberta Catholic School Trustees’ Association, 1996). Clearly, Catholic schools tend to be inclined towards spiritual development as well as intellectual development (Robinson, 1996). As per the document from

Service learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service learning - Essay Example Someone has to do those kinds of jobs that no one wants to do but must by done by someone in order for the mosque to remain presentable. What kept me going was the thought that I was not doing this for myself, but for the worshippers who frequent the mosque. I might not have received any recognition for it, but I can still be pleased by the contribution that I made. The final task that I did was really pleasing because I was able to make a noticeable different in the lives of young kids. I gave a presentation to these kids on how to overcome culture shock. Many of these kids have never really mixed with people of other cultures, so they really learned something by what I had to say. I was able to tell them of my own experiences as an international student trying to adapt to a different environment and also the challenges that I faced along the way. I could really tell that I made an impact on some of those kids because I could see it in their faces. They asked many questions about wh at it was like to move overseas, and I was able to answer their questions based on my own personal experiences. 2. The main thing that I learned was that I could receive great satisfaction from being able to serve others. I am not usually the servant type, but I now realize just how much it can mean to a person to have a task performed for them. Being able to do that for someone else gave me joy and I realize that I need to be able to serve others in everyday normal life too. The biggest thing that I got out of this service learning process was that there are some things in life that are beyond measure. Serving others is one of the greatest gifts that we can give another person, and this was something that I did not think about before. My whole attitude and outlook on life has changed considerably because I what I have experienced during my time serving at the mosque. If I could do it all again, then I would not hesitate to do

How different was Sparta from other Greek States Essay

How different was Sparta from other Greek States - Essay Example Some scholars feel that other states felt that Sparta was too obsessed with war and power and that this is the reason why this stated paid attention to the development of a strong army and their involvement in war. Additionally, this is the city that gave a woman the right to conduct business and train for war. Resultantly, other states felt safe to associate with Sparta especially during periods of war. A deep analysis of the Sparta state will unveil the difference of this state compared with other states. The Sparta social structure comprised of three categories of individuals; the citizens, Periokioi and the Helots. The citizens formed the large group of native citizens who were the original habitants of the land. This group of people formed the loyal part of the society. They formed part of the army and had the absolute right to own any kind of property. In the structure oligarchy that existed, the citizens were the superior people that dominated the society. The Periokioi were a group of people who had migrated to this society. They formed the intermediate group that separated the inhabitants and slave. Since this group was way below the habitants, they were not allowed to partake in military action but could own land and control business. They trusted than the minority group of the Helots in this society. The Helots were those people who had entered the country and did not have the right to own land nor participate in war. The formed the source of labour and worked in the lands a nd business enterprises in the society. As observed, the country applied oligarchy unlike other nations such as Athens that were fully democratic1. On this note, this was a good environment only for the original habitants while the aboriginals were treated as inferior beings. The military system in Sparta was stronger than any other in the whole of Greece. The Original citizens in this state were compulsorily supposed to attend military training at their early age. Unlike in

Environmental and Global Awareness Research Paper - 1

Environmental and Global Awareness - Research Paper Example nship of human beings with the earth is not very healthy and this makes it important for us to increase our environmental and global awareness, unless we want some serious consequences, which can affect our well being. The need for global awareness in the contemporary international community can be best understood by looking at the relationship of human beings and Mother Nature. We should try to find an answer to questions like, what are our actions towards our environment, what is the earth doing for us and what are the consequences of our actions, which makes the elevation of global and environmental awareness amongst the people essential. After understanding the consequences, we should try to bring modifications in our action to have a better future. Human beings are dependent on the earth and its ecosystem for goods and services. The goods and services are important and essential for the personal well-being of human beings. The earth is the source of all wealth — dams, ports, highways, buildings, etc. It is giving us the goods and services without taking anything in return.(Chiras 20). Earth can fulfill our needs but it cannot fulfill our greed. Its resources can fulfill our requirements but cannot last in front of our exploitation. Human beings are exploiting the biodiversity of the ocean. The development of industrial fishing and sophistication of the fishing technology is putting pressure on this â€Å"supposed- Inexhaustive aquatic resources† (Adeleye 230). Fishes and other aquatic products have declined due to the ruthless exploitation, loss of habitat by sand filling operations and pollution of wetland from oil exploration and industries. The uncontrolled trawling for fishes throughout the year has led to the extinction of some species (Adeleye 231) The harm caused by man to the ecosystem is enormous. The world’s ecosystems have deteriorated by 33% in between 1970 to 2000 and exploitation of natural resources have increased by the same amount

Loma Linda University Value Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Loma Linda University Value - Essay Example n view of the medical profession is not common, and it became important for me to choose schools that will not only provide me the skill to become a better nurse – I needed a school that supports my own view of how health services should be rendered. Any school could teach me to become competent in my career, but there are only very few schools that can help sustain the fire inside me. I know for a fact that there are nursing schools that bombard one with so much information that one can forget why they chose to become a nurse in the first place. I didn’t want this to happen to me. I knew Loma Linda University was the school for me when I read your mission statement which says, Loma Linda University†¦seeks to further the healing and teaching ministry of Jesus Christ "to make man whole" by: Educating  ethical  and proficient Christian health professionals and scholars through instruction, example, and the pursuit of truth; Expanding  knowledge through  resea rch  in the biological, behavioral, physical, and environmental sciences and applying this knowledge to health and disease; Providing  comprehensive, competent, and compassionate health care for the whole person through faculty, students, and alumni. â€Å"To make man whole† captivated me. It held so much meaning for me. How does one make another person â€Å"whole†? If I were to become a nurse, I needed to know the answer to this question because I knew that one can only â€Å"whole† when one is healthy enough to experience everything that life has to offer. By reading your mission statement, I felt that I found an ally in my belief that the medical profession is a sacred task. I knew that by working with professors and school staff who understood this, I can become, not only a great nurse, but also a great person... I am hoping that from the first few pages of this application, you can already get an idea of my thought process and beliefs. I tend to think deep about simple things because my father believed (and I share this too) that one should not waste time on unimportant things. Deep contemplation through meditation and prayer has enabled me to make difficult decisions and discard the unimportant and focus on the important only. For me, this is an important process, because it puts me in a close encounter with the divine, an intelligence that knows more than I will ever know in my lifetime. A spiritual experience, for me, is a conversation with my God, a tapping of the source, an expansion of awareness. Sometimes when I am deep in the experience, I ask questions about the role of man’s existence on earth and the inner workings of the universe.

The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems Essay

The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems - Essay Example However, the system transformation process is not easy as an entire department that utilized the system is grounded to a halt, which means dealing with inconveniences of managing the functions manually (Khosrow-Pour, 2001). The main issue is in how to attain effective Information Technology Management within MSCC while sufficiently anticipating challenges and their solutions to guarantee business continuity and employees’ productivity. During the 1900, Midsouth focused on transportation systems and legislative decisions caused many communities to lack access to reliable transportation, halting the economic and business development. However, by 1930s, the charter included additional issues, thus transforming into an aggressive commercial advocacy firm by 1990s. These changes were accompanied by company growth in terms of human resources and profitability changed by 2000 to reflect a downfall in the annual budget by $250,000 and a membership of about 2,300. The main contributors included the internet bubble, loss of regional manufactures, and the economic downtime back then. Although, MSCC did not lose its position as a powerful business advocacy firm in 2000, the company’s management experienced the challenge of inability to fund annual operational business in line with the company’s aggressive growth. Lassiter, the Vice President in 2000 experienced a serious dilemma of staff and program retrenchment for an effective sales and marketing team, thus translating into less aggressively grown revenue in the firm. As an information Technology professional, Lassiter proactively sought for the solutions to the IS challenges that included misaligned marketing and sales support functions, restricted capacity of the current information system, and the arising concerns over security given that each staff member lacked access to data required for the operation of MSCC activities for sales and marketing. At MSCC, information technology is

Working with and leading people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Working with and leading people - Essay Example His recruits learnt to support each other during difficult times; it was a lesson on showing concern for one’s teammate. This is a depiction of the principle stage of Tuckman’s Teamwork Theory which discusses the formulation of the team. This is a stage where each individual is trying to find his/her role in the team, they are sizing each other up and there are cases of doubt to one’s purpose (Tuckman Bruce, 1965) Oliver tasked the recruits with challenging assignments like working night shifts at the bakery. Knowing the difficulty level of his challenge, he appeared for some of the shifts and he worked alongside his recruits. At the end of the training they were expected to work together as a team in a commercial kitchen, they therefore had to develop a sense of devotion towards each other. To foster this devotion, Oliver took his recruits for camping activities and later on he tested them by taking them through a simulation test. They were tasked with the duty of preparing meals for fifty clients. The purpose of the simulation was to see how they worked under pressure. This was in line with Tuckman’s second stage theory which is the Storming. At this level they have started seeing themselves as a team however, this stage is characterized by confrontations and various levels of conflict. This is expected due to the pressure put on them by Oliver. As per the expectations, some of them crumbled when the scene got chaotic. This was however, part of the team building process. At the end of the training, the recruits were assured of a job working for Oliver. They therefore had an end in mind. This sense of purpose according to Dr. Belbin, M. 2014 is the motivator for teamwork. Oliver demonstrated participative leadership when he engaged with his recruits in their daily tasks, when he helped them solve problems that occurred at the ground level. His hands on approach was in line with the Participative Leadership Theory which

How My Stories Were Written Essay Example for Free

How My Stories Were Written Essay Have u ever read a story where you were related to or change your life? In the short story by Bulosan, he uses a few literary elements such as setting, and irony to show how someone’s life can be change by a storyteller. In the following, I will explain what is the role of the Apo Lacay in this short story and how he has helped the author to overcome in the new world. In the beginning of the story â€Å" It is true there are mountains which are green all the year round bordering the northside of the province of Pangasinan, my own native province, in the island of Luzon†, Bulosan uses setting to let us know where the story takes place; he also give us details on how it looks like. This place is so important to him because he was born and raised here; his childhood was not as greater as his adult life but he gain so many anecdotes about it. The people that lived in the village were attached to the past centuries and a lot of things have been said from one generation to another. There was a man who had lived more than anyone else in the village; he is a storyteller that comes from a mysterious dwelling in the mountains and start telling his tales to the children and adults. Repentantly, he became friend with Apo Lacay (the storyteller), and learned from his tales even if they were not true. The boy (the author) thought that there were wisdom from his tales and he wanted to remember what kind of people lived in the village when he moves to the land far away. We sometimes do not pay attention to what or whom we listen to, we do not realize that we can learn a lot from books or simple short stories and gain the greatest wisdom ever; no matter where we go, in this case the author went to America, nothing cannot take the knowledge from you. The boy has also learned that there is more fear among the man than in the night forest full of beast, birds, the trees, storm and tempests. â€Å"In the savage heart of man there dwells the greatest fear among the living†.

Cleft Palate Microflora- Normal and Pathogenic

Cleft Palate Microflora- Normal and Pathogenic A REVIEW OF LITERATURE Abstract Oral cavity is a house for more than 300 species of microorganisms which includes aerobic, non aerobic, spores, fungi etc. Though many microorganisms are commensal only few microorganism involve in pathogenic process due to predisposing or initiative factors like poor oral hygiene, medically compromised patients, dentate and non dentate mouth, dietary habit, clefts, etc,. Cleft palate is one of the conditions in which commensal microorganisms can become pathogenic over time. There will be communication between nasal and oral microorganisms, which makes the habitat more suitable for few like Staphylococcus species. Even after the closure of due to exchange of microflora between oral and nasal cavity it can lead to wound dehiscence, which further leads to post operative complications. Key words: cleft palate, oral microflora, wound dehiscence, staphylococcus, streptococcus, commensal, fistula Introduction Clefts of the palate comprise a range of disorders affecting the oral cavity, the causes of which remain largely unknown1. Affected children have a range of functional problems which include feeding difficulties at birth due to problems with oral seal, swallowing and nasal regurgitation, hearing difficulties due to abnormality in the palatal musculature and speech difficulties due to nasal escape and articulation problems (Mossey and Little, 2009)2. Cleft may also predispose to alteration of normal flora at nose and oral cavity. Viridans streptococci were the first persistent colonizer of the human mouth and Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Neisseria spp were consistently found toward the end of the first year of life (Arief et al, 2005)3. NORMAL ORAL MICROFLORA The world we live in contains unimaginable numbers of bacteria, representing the major diversity of life on our planet. The commensal bacteria are present on the epithelial surfaces of the skin and on the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, respiratory tract, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and urogenital tract. An estimated 300 to 500 bacterial species (sp) coexist within the oral cavity, of which approximately 50% are currently uncultivable.4 In spite of this, only a relatively small number of bacteria cause infection in man (Henderson and Wilson, 1998)5. Establishment of a normal flora occurs in a sequential manner: (1) the first exposure of the mucosal surfaces of a sterile neonate is to the maternal genital microflora during its passage through the birth canal, (2) a few hours later the organisms from the mothers (or the nurses) mouth and possibly a few from the environment are established in the mouth, usually Streptococci spp, which bind to mucosal epithelium, (3) oral flora on the childs first birthday usually consists of Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseriae and Lactobacilli, (4) the next evolutionary change in this community occurs during and after tooth eruption when two further niches are provided for bacterial colonization, (5) when all the teeth are lost as a result of senility, bacteria that colonize the mouth at this stage are very similar to those in a child before tooth eruption6,7,8. The oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and certain regions of the ears and eyes have an indigenous microflora. Because of the close anatomic relationship of these structures, the resident flora of these regions shares many common pathogens. Within a given microenvironment, however, certain microbes that constitute the normal flora are associated with distinct anatomic sites. Thus, the normal flora exists within complex ecosystems at different sites and interacts closely with different bacterial spp and with the host epithelial layers. This indigenous microflora is known to change over time and host age, congenital malformation, underlying disease and chemotherapeutic agents affect its composition4. Microbial counts have been reported to vary from day to day9. A variety of conditions affect successful colonization of the mucosal surface in the oral cavity, including factors such as epithelial cell turnover, salivary flow, reduction in the oral pH environment following food intake and dentition. The predominant components of oral flora are Streptococcal spp, most commonly members of the Streptococcus group4,7,8. Increasing the amount of sugar intake would encourage growth of certain Streptococci that are able to tolerate a lower pH environment and also presence of teeth (Arief et al, 2005)3. Organisms generally considered as commensals including palate are coagulase-negative staphylococci, nonhemolytic and viridans streptococci, Corynebacterium spp, Neisseria spp Candida spp and other cultivable and not-yet-cultivable spp of Streptococcus.10,11,12 Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent yeast isolated from the human body as a commensal or as an opportunistic pathogen13. The presence of C.albicans in the oral cavity is not indicative of disease. In many individuals, C.albicans is a minor component of their oral flora, and they have no clinical symptoms. In healthy individuals, a large number of sites in the oral cavity can be colonized by C.albicans14. A number of bacteria which populate the normal oral microflora are opportunistic pathogens capable of injuring or even killing the carrier, if conditions permit- organisms like Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus), ÃŽ ²-hemolytic streptococci, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae,5 Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Pseudomonas spp (Roscoe and Hoang, 2007)10. (Table 1) MICROFLORA INVOLVED IN WOUND DEHISCENCE Any wound is at some risk of becoming infected. One school of thought is that the density of microorganisms is the critical factor in determining whether a wound is likely to heal. However, a second school of thought argues that the presence of specific pathogens is of primary importance in delayed healing, while yet others have reported microorganisms to be of minimal importance in delayed healing15. Wound contaminants are likely to originate from three main sources: (i) the environment; (ii) the surrounding skin; (iii) endogenous sources involving mucous membranes. The normal microfloras of the oral cavity are both diverse and abundant, and these supply the vast majority of microorganisms that colonize wounds15. Bacterial infections after cleft palate surgery increase the risk of wound breakdown, palatal fistulas, poor speech, poor growth, poor aesthetic results and death. As the commensal oral bacteria in a normal young child change from birth as the child grows, factors that affect oral bacterial colonization include presence of antibodies that inhibit bacterial adherence, presence of teeth, formation of a biofilm, bacterial load in the saliva of attendants and frequency of exposure, prolonged hospital care and exposure to antibiotics (Chuo and Timmons 2005).3,16,17 The risk of infection is generally based on the susceptibility of a surgical wound to microbial contamination. Clean surgery carries 1 to 5% risk of postoperative wound infection and in dirty procedures that are significantly more susceptible to endogenous contamination, a 27% risk of infection has been estimated15. Though, infection is not a very frequent complication following correction of the palate, when infection occurs, partial or complete dehiscence may be the consequence. All wound infections were diagnosed on the second to sixth postoperative day while most patients leave the hospital on the third postoperative day. However, the strong relationship with preoperative cultures and dehiscence indicates that pathogens causing infection do play a role. Moreover, patients with dehiscence showed pus and fever, both signs of an infectious complication18. One might also argue that wound tension contributes to dehiscence and other causative factor. For example, too close to the incision edges may prevent the tissue from meeting and binding together properly. Sutures that are too tight can result in strangulation of the wound edges and poor blood supply to the wound, causing necrosis or sutures are removed too early.18 Wounds undergo a predictable alteration in microbial flora over time. Early on, the wound is colonized particularly by ÃŽ ²-hemolytic Streptococci and S.aureus, within the first 1 to 4 weeks, these are soon accompanied by that often infect wounds together in a synergistic fashion. After approximately 4 weeks, chronic wounds are more likely to become colonized by Pseudomonas spp Infections in older wounds are polymicrobial mixtures of aerobic pathogens usually associated with tissue necrosis, undermining and deep structure involvement (Gordon Dow, 2009).19 Invasive group A Streptococcal infections, once thought to be mainly a problem of the preantibiotic era, continue to be reported in many countries. In a multicenter general practice study in Denmark (1983 and 1984), group A ÃŽ ²-hemolytic streptococci detected in the throats of 10.9% of 99 asymptomatic children younger than 15 years old. Also the throat carrier rates of groups A, C and G ÃŽ ²-hemolytic streptococci decreased with increasing age of the individuals’ studied.16 The carrier ship of group A Streptococcus may predispose to infection and S.aureus ranks second among spp cultured from infected wounds18. Whilst the importance of Staphylococci as medical pathogens has been recognised for many years, it is now suggest that Staphylococci can be isolated frequently from the oral cavity of particular patients group such as children, elderly and in ill patients. Therefore, it is apparent that the oral cavity may present a hitherto poorly recognised reservoir of Staphylococci, some of which may, under appropriate conditions cause local or systemic infection.17 Nasal bacteria may be transmitted through an oronasal cleftfistula to the oral cavity, and it may be able to survive in the oral environment in children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) (Mims et al., 1993). S.aureus were identified in 53.1% of saliva samples and 40.6% of nasal samples. The oronasal fistula area was significantly higher in children who had S.aureus colonization in their oral cavity (Tuna et al, 2008).20 Recent data have shown that S.aureus is more frequently found in the oral flora of cleft patients than in normal children. Using saliva swabs, Arief et al. found that children with cleft palate showed more colonization by S.aureus compared to normal children of 3–39 months, which decreased significantly after operation.3 According to Aziz, Rhee, and Redai (2009), 5.5% of patients had nonlife-threatening complications (infection or wound dehiscence)21 and according to Hupkens and group (2007), they encountered 6.0% of wound dehiscence.18 The microbiological studies comparing flora between cleft and non-cleft sites in children with CLP by Brennan et al. (2001) determined that the oral bacteria colonize the cleft nasal floor in patients with unilateral oronasal fistulas. They reported that oral bacteria were not cultured in the nasal floor of the cleft in the majority of patients with oronasal fistula. The Investigators claimed that oral bacteria might occur only when the fistulae are sufficiently large to maintain a similar environment to the oral cavity.20 The study by Tuna et al. showed bacterial transmission was proven for large oronasal fistulas and a correlation was found with S.aureus counts in the children with CLP. It appears that as fistula size increases, significantly higher colony numbers of S.aureus were found in saliva samples. In addition, S.aureus tends to survive in the oral cavity as a result of transmission through the nasal passages as long as an unrepaired cleft exists.20 One study by Myburgh, and K.W. Butow (2009), swabs taken from their soft palates were made for days 0, 2, 4 and 6. The pathogenic organisms were: C.albicans, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others.22 Another study from Finland showed that, Viridans Streptococci were the first persistent oral bacteria in babies (Kononen, 2000). Staphylococci were prevalent in more than 25% of children aged 0 to 6 months. The prevalence of Staphylococcus was lower in older children.16 Klebsiella spp are ubiquitous in nature and probably have two common habitats, one being the environment and the other being the mucosal surfaces of humans which they colonize. In humans, Klebsiella pneumoniae is present as a saprophyte in the nasopharynx and in the intestinal tract. Klebsiellae are opportunistic pathogens, can give rise to severe diseases such as septicemia, pneumonia, UTI, soft tissue infection and nosocomial outbreaks. The detection rate in the nasopharynx range from 1 to 6%, which differ considerably from study to study; Klebsiella spp are rarely found there and are regarded simply as transient members of the flora.23 According to the statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Klebsiella spp account for 8% of endemic hospital infections and 3% of epidemic outbreaks. The mortality due to Klebsiella spp bacteremia approaches 27–34% in adult patients. This data also showed a marked overall increase in the incidence of this infection during the study period and are in agreement with previous reports regarding the dynamics of gram-negative and Enterobacteriaceae bacteremias.24 During the 1980s and 1990s, the frequency of nosocomial Candidiasis has increased dramatically. Data from the USA National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System shows that C.albicans was the most frequently isolated fungal pathogen (59.7%) in hospital environments. Transfer of Candida between individuals often occurs via the hands of health care workers, and nosocomial transmission can occur without Candidiasis outbreaks.14 Approximately 60% of the isolated recovered were gram-positive cocci (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, ~31%), S.aureus (20%), and Enterococcus (9.5%). Over the past 5–10 years, most commonly isolated were gram-negative rods, such as E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, P.aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.23,25 It could be hypothesized that patient characteristics are primarily responsible for these differences. For example, genetic predilections, underlying diseases, social factors and economic factors and also differences in the virulence of individual microorganisms may be responsible for the manifestations of infection observed in cleft palate patients after surgery.26 (Table 2) Conclusion S.aureus and ÃŽ ²-hemolytic Streptococci are the commonest microflora which are responsible for wound dehiscence, it is always advised to do preoperative and postoperative culture. Though wound dehiscence is not always but frequent complication patient should be under proper care especially children. Alongside attention should be give to the other commensal microflora like Klebsiella, Candida, etc., which can become pathogenic over time in cleft patients. Despite advances in preoperative care, the rate of surgical wound dehiscence has not decreased in recent years. Recognition of risk factors, prevention of wound infection and mechanical stress on the incision are important. Management of dehisced wounds may include immediate surgery. If surgery is not needed, management is essentially the same as that of any other wound through maintenance of a moist wound environment, reduction of bio burden and pain, and promotion of granulation tissue.

Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) Literature

Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) Literature LITERATURE REVIEW Reema jaiswal, Pinak patel et al., (2013) developed and reported a new simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form using potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer (pH 4.0 adjusted with Ortho Phosphoric acid):Acetonitrile(70:30v/v) mobile phase, and C18 column ODS(100 mm x 4.6 mm,3.0ÃŽ ¼ particle size) as stationary phase with detection wavelength of 215 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 5-25 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for both the drugs. The % recoveries of the both the drugs were found to be 99.50 – 101.50 % and 99.00 101.06%respectively.The LOD were found to be 0.014ÃŽ ¼g/ml and 0.013ÃŽ ¼g/ml at 215 nm for QUI and HCTZ respectively. Methods were statistically validated for Accuracy, precision, specificity, LOQ, and robustness according to ICH guidelines and can be used for analysis of combined dosage form. Serkan ALTUNSOY, Burà §in BOZAL-PALABIYIK, Bengi USLU et al., (2013) developed and reported a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of quinapril (QNP) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) in pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this method quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide and perindopril (internal standard) were separated using a reversed phase column (Hichrom C18; 250Ãâ€"4.6 mm i.d.; 10 ÃŽ ¼m) with acetonitrile: potassium dihydrogen phosphate (at pH 2.5; 0.067 M) (40:60 v/v) as a mobile phase using UV detector at 211 nm and flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The retention times for quinapril, hydrochlorothiazide and perindoprile were 4.391, 3.237 and 3.931 min, respectively. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-30 ÃŽ ¼g/mL for QNP and 1.25-18.75 ÃŽ ¼g/mL for HCZ. The proposed method has been fully validated and method is simple, rapid and suitable for quality control (QC) applications. Khan SA, Kulkarni SS, Biyani KR and Khan BA et al., (2013) developed and reported a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible method for simultaneous estimation of Quinapril and Hydrochlorthiazide by the Simultaneous equation method, using methanol as solvent. The two wavelengths 257 nm ÃŽ »max of Quinapril Hydrochloride (QNA-H) and 271 nm ÃŽ »max of Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) were selected for the formation of Simultaneous equations. The two drugs follow Beer-Lambert’s law over the concentration range of 5- 30 ÃŽ ¼g/ml of QNA-H and 2.5 – 15 ÃŽ ¼g/ml of HCTZ. Recovery study was performed to confirm the accuracy of the method. The recovery of the Quinapril Hydrochloride and Hydrochlorothiazide were found near to 100 %. The Results were found to satisfactory and reproducible. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. Reema Jaiswal, Pinak patel et al., (2013) developed and reported a new economical Derivative Spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of Quinapril HCl (QUI) and Hydrochlorthiazide (HCTZ) in their combined pharmaceutical dosage form was developed and the absorbance of the solutions were measured at 242.45 nm (ÃŽ »1), and 257.17 nm (ÃŽ »2) for the estimation of both the drugs. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 80-240 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for QUI and 10-50 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for HCTZ The mean recovery was 99.93 – 100.33 % and 99.06- 101.25% for QUI and HCTZ respectively. The results of analysis have been validated statistically as per ICH guidelines. Gandhimathi and Ravi et al., (2013) developed and reported an ion-pair HPLC method has been developed and validated for the estimation of quinapril and hydrochlorothiazide simultaneously in combined dosage form. The mobile phase used was a mixture of 0.1% v/v triethylamine (pH 3.5), containing 1M of hexane sulphonic acid: acetonitrile (30:70% v/v). The detection was carried out on photo diode array detector at 220 nm. The proposed method can be successfully used to determine the drug contents of marketed formulation. Girija B. Bhavar, V.A Chatpalliwar, D.D. Patil and S.J. Surana et al., (2008) developed and reported HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of Quinapril and Hydrochlorthiazide in pharmaceutical formulations. The drugs were separated on silica gel 60 F254 plates using suitable combination of solvents as mobile phase. The validation parameters, tested in accordance with the requirements of ICH guidelines, prove the suitability of methods. Mariusz Stolarczyk, Anna Maalanka, Anna Apola et al., (2013) developed spectrophotometric and chromatographic-densitometric methods for determination of losartan potassium, quinapril hydrochloride and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical preparations. The measurements were carried out at ÃŽ » = 224.0 nm for quinapril, ÃŽ » = 261.0 nm for hydrochlorothiazide and ÃŽ » = 270.0 nm for losartan when the derivative spectrophotometry was applied and ÃŽ » = 317.0 nm when zero order spectrophotometry was applied for the determination of hydrochlorothiazide. In chromatographic-densitometric studies high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates were used as stationary phase and a mixture of solvents n-butanol : acetic acid : water (15 : 5 : 1, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Under the established conditions good resolution of examined constituents was obtained. Retardation factor for quinapril hydrochloride was Rf ~ 0.70, for losartan potassium Rf ~ 0.85 and for hydrochlorothiazide Rf ~ 0. 78. The developed methods are characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy. For quantitative analysis, densitometric measurements were carried out at ÃŽ » = 218.0 nm for quinapril, ÃŽ » = 275.0 nm for hydrochlorothiazide and ÃŽ » = 232.0 nm for losartan. Kunal Makwana, Reena V Dhamecha, Nilesh Pandya et al., (2011) developed a rugged and economic method for the estimation of quinapril and its metabolite in human serum by lcms/ms detection for clinical trials. Ramipril was used as internal standard for quantitation of Quinapril, and it metabolite from human serum. Linear regression with 1/X2 weighting was performed to determine the concentration of the drug from serum . A common solid phase extraction procedure for the isolation of drug and its metabolite was developed from serum samples. The samples were analyzed on API 3200 Triple quadrapole mass spectrometer using Chromolith, RPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18e column in atmospheric pressure electro spray ionization. The mobile phase composition was an isocratic mixture of 0.01% Ammonia in water: acetonitrile (30:70 %v/v). The method was validated over a linear range of 10 – 1000 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. Recoveries were observed above 70% for all the three analyt es. The storage stability of Quality control samples was investigated under various conditions Wagh, Hapse. S. A.; Kadaskar, V. S.; Dokhe, P. T.; Shirsath, A. S. et al., (2012) developed a method for the estimation of hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. This analytical method developed for the estimation of hydrochlorothiazide in bulk fluids showed maximum absorbance at ÃŽ »max of 272 nm in distilled water and in 0.01N NAOH between 200 nm and 400 nm of UV scan. The method developed was validated for accuracy, linearity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation studies. The above analytical parameters indicated that the developed UV Spectrophotometric method of hydrochlorothiazide was simple, accurate and reproducible. Neela M Bhatia, Rituraj B Desai and Swapnil D Jadhav et al., (2012) reported a simple spectrophotometric method development for simultaneous estimation of Losartan Potassium (LOS) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in two component tablet formulation. The method employed is a first order derivative spectroscopy. The wavelengths used for detection were 257 nm for LOS and 243 nm for HCT. Linearity was observed in the range of 10-90 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for LOS and 2.5-22.5 ÃŽ ¼g/ml for HCT. The recovery studies confirmed accuracy of proposed method and low values of standard deviation confirmed precision of method. The method is validated as per ICH guidelines. R. K. Patel, J. B. Patel et al., (2011) developed accurate, precise and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of Nebivolol Hcl (NEB-H) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in bulk as well as in the pharmaceutical formulation. Calibration curves were linear in range of 10-80 ÃŽ ¼g/mL (r2=0.999) and 2-16 ÃŽ ¼g/mL (r2=0.998) at ÃŽ »max of 281 and 271nm for Nebivolol HCl and Hydrochlorothiazide respectively. The method was validated statistically. Monika L. Jadhav, Manoj V. Girase, Shripad K. Tidme et al., (2014) developed two UV spectrophotometric methods and validated for simultaneous estimation of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide in a tablet dosage form. The first method employed solving of simultaneous equations based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, 249.4 nm and 272.6 nm, à °Ã‚ Ã…“† max for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The second method was absorbance ratio method, which involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 258.4nm (isoabsorptive point) and also at 272.6nm (à °Ã‚ Ã…“† max of hydrochlorothiazide). The methods were found to be linear between the range of 5–30 à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡g/ml for valsartan and 4–24 à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¡g/ml for hydrochlorothiazide using 0.1N NaOH as solvent. The mean percentage recovery was found to be 100.20% and 100.19% for the simultaneous equation method and 98.56% and 97.96% for the absorbance ratio method, for va lsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively, at three different levels of standard additions. The precision (intraday, interday) of methods was found within limits (RSD Shilpa Korti, Channabasavaraj KP, Somashekar PL et al., (2014) reported a new, simple (RP-HPLC) method and validated for simultaneous estimation of Moxonidine(MOX) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in bulk drug and tablet dosage forms. The separation was achieved by using C8 Phenomenex Luna (250 x 4.6mm, 5ÃŽ ¼m) column with a mobile phase acetonitrile and formic acid solution (0.2%v/v) in the ratio 50:50 by using flow rate of 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength at 245 nm. The retention times of MOX and HCTZ were found to be 3.0 and 4.8 min and the calibration curves were linear (r2=0.999) over a concentration range from 1-35ÃŽ ¼g/mL for MOX and HCTZ respectively. Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.08ÃŽ ¼g/mL and 0.1ÃŽ ¼g/mL for MOX and 0.2ÃŽ ¼g/mL and 0.4ÃŽ ¼g/mL for HCTZ respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines and the results were found to be within the limits. So it can be used for the routine quality control of MOX and HCTZ in bulk sample and tablet dosage forms. Vidhya K. Bhusari, Sunil R. Dhaneshwar et al., (2011) reported a new and accurate HPTLC method for simultaneous estimation of Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate as the bulk drug and in tablet dosage forms by using aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase and chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (8: 2: 0.2 v/v/v) as mobile phase. Densitometric evaluation of the separated zones was performed at 232 nm. The three drugs were satisfactorily resolved with RF values 0.22  ± 0.02 and 0.36  ± 0.02, 0.55  ± 0.02 for Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate, respectively. The accuracy and reliability of the method was assessed by evaluation of linearity (100-600 ng/spot for Atenolol, Hydrochlorothiazide and Amlodipine Besylate), precision (intra-day % RSD was 0.37–1.19 and inter-day % RSD was 0.69–1.11 for Atenolol, intra-day % RSD was 0.49–1.16 and inter-day % RSD was 0.50–1.23 for Hydrochlorothiazi de and intra-day % RSD was 0.59–0.84 and inter-day % RSD was 0.60–0.91 for Amlodipine Besylate), accuracy (99.93  ± 0.43 for Atenolol, 99.92  ± 0.72 for Hydrochlorothiazide and 99.87  ± 0.63 for Amlodipine Besylate), and specificity in accordance with ICH guidelines. Havaldar Freddy H and Vairal Dharmendra L et al., (2010) developed a simple, specific (RP-HPLC) method and validated for the determination of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan. Separation was achieved with a Nucleodur 100 C–18 column having 250 x 4.6mm i.d. with 5ÃŽ ¼m particle size and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.0 using diluted ortho phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (50:50 v à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ v) at flow rate of 1.0ml/min using UV detection at 210nm. The retention time of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan was about 1.99min, 2.90min, 5.92min and 9.42min respectively. The proposed method was validated and successfully used for estimation of atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, losartan and valsartan in the pharmaceutical dosage form.

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury Tales Character Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaucer’s greatest work came after everything else. Canterbury tales was the last of his literary works. It followed such stories as Troilus and Creseyde. It is considered as one of the greatest works of literature during the English Middle Age. The ironic thing is that it wasn’t even finished the way Chaucer had intended it to. He had planned to have over a hundred tales, four for each pilgrim. He ended up with twenty-four, less than one for each pilgrim. One wonders if he had finished how much better would it have been.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story is a unique one, especially during the time in which it was written. Rather than a traditional author story format, Chaucer uses a different method to spin a number of different types of stories. By telling different stories through different pilgrims Chaucer uses their attitudes and characteristics so that he may tell tales of many different varieties and styles. This shows the many different creative sides and motives of the great author. He was not the first to use such a method, but he may be one of the most famous, earliest of its users.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among the number of characters and different storytellers you come across a character by the name of Robin. His standing among the company was the Miller, so that was what he would be more commonly known. Immediately following the Knight the Miller had a pretty tough act to follow. The Knight was obviously of high standing, and would previously tell a noble tale with a moralistic flavor to it. It would leave the crowd in state of appreciation for someone of his stature. When his tale was done the people knew why it was that he was Knight. Although, when the Miller was done the people did also realize why he was the Miller.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Knight’s tale had finished the Miller decided it was his turn for the spotlight. Chaucer makes it quite easy to understand the contrast in the characters. Especially making the claims one right after the other. The comparison is easily made. The drunken boisterous Miller pipes up claiming to have a tale that would contend with the Knight’s for being noble and attractive. Sensing the drunkenness, the host speaks up telling the Miller to save his tale for another time knowing of what was to come. The loud and cocky Miller overpowers him.

Isolation in Another Country :: Another Country

Isolation in Another Country Another Country is possibly the only novel of its time in which every character suffers from a feeling of isolation. All the main characters share in the feeling of isolation. Whether the character's isolation is a result of race, economic situation, or even sexual orientation, each character's life is affected. The feeling of isolation causes the characters to lose touch with reality. This isolation is evident in the story of Rufus. Rufus is a young black jazz musician who grew up in Harlem, a young Black man fighting " the system" to attain his dreams. Later in the novel, Rufus reveals his inner turmoil. Rufus feels isolated from society. He knows, yet is unable to accept, the racial barrier between himself and his only close friend, Vivaldo. Vivaldo is a true friend, but despite their friendship, Rufus has a constant feeling of resentment toward Vivaldo. Rufus is tormented by thoughts such as "No one dared look at Vivaldo, out with any girl whatever, the way they looked at me now;...This is because Vivaldo was white" (Baldwin 31). The racial isolation is compounded when Rufus breaks all family ties in order to sustain his interracial relationship. Knowing his family's open disapproval of interracial relationships, Rufus decides to leave his family and live with his girlfriend, Leona. Despite his deep love for Leona, her presence constantly reminds him of the barrier between them. She becomes, in his mind, a symbol of the society that oppressed him. She becomes a symbol of the things he could never obtain in life. As his life becomes consumed, he plunges into the depths of despair, committing horrendous crimes against his loved ones. Rufus refuses the help of his friends. He turns to life on the streets and eventually jumps off a bridge. Before Rufus's death, Baldwin narrates: His own loneliness, magnified so many million times, made the night air colder. He remembered to what excess, into what traps and nightmares, his loneliness had driven him; and he wondered where such a violent emptiness might drive an entire city. (60) Vivaldo, a close friend of Rufus, deals with his own form of isolation. A product of dysfunctional Brooklyn family, Vivaldo felt he was never loved; thus, he forces himself into loveless relationships. In these relationships he establishes a barrier between himself and his girlfriends. Vivaldo seems to be searching for love in all the wrong places--street corners and bars.

The old man in the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and the Sea Book report The title of this book is The Old Man and the Sea . The number of pages is 127. Copyright date is 1952(re-newel date is 1980). The type of book is fiction. This book takes place in the Gulf Stream, and its time is in the past. This book is told in third person point of view. One of the main character’s was an old Cuban man named Santiago who was thin, with deep wrinkles in the back if his neck and had scars on his hands from handling the fishing rope. The other character was a young boy named Manolin, which Santiago taught how to fish . Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him to go fishing with Santiago, he wants to help his friend at all times. Manolin does not act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive This book is about an old man who taught this young boy how to fish and the boy loved him. He even brought him fishing many times. But the past 84 days the old man had not caught one fish. After 40 days of not catching anything the boy left and fished on another boat. One day, the old man was out on the water fishing. He had caught the biggest marlin he had ever seen. He then had decided to tie the fish on to the boat when heading back. He notices a large mako shark that is coming after his fish. He gets his harpoon out ready to kill. The shark takes a chunk out of his fish and the old man harpoons and kills the shark but his harpoon broke. Now he was left only with a knife to protect what was left of the fish. The fish is now bleeding. A couple hours later on his voyage home, he sees to more sharks heading right for his fish. Both sharks take a chunk out of the fish but the old man manages to stab both sharks in the eye killing them. His fish was getting smaller and smaller because of the sharks. This time while stabbing the sharks in the eyes his knife breaks, now all he has to kill the sharks is a oar. If any more sharks come he is ruined. A couple more hours of sailing two more sharks come and eat the rest of his fish, leaving just the head and scales of the enormous fish he had. The old man in the sea :: essays research papers The Old Man and the Sea Book report The title of this book is The Old Man and the Sea . The number of pages is 127. Copyright date is 1952(re-newel date is 1980). The type of book is fiction. This book takes place in the Gulf Stream, and its time is in the past. This book is told in third person point of view. One of the main character’s was an old Cuban man named Santiago who was thin, with deep wrinkles in the back if his neck and had scars on his hands from handling the fishing rope. The other character was a young boy named Manolin, which Santiago taught how to fish . Manolin is loyal to Santiago and even when his parents forbid him to go fishing with Santiago, he wants to help his friend at all times. Manolin does not act as a young boy; he is mature and sensitive This book is about an old man who taught this young boy how to fish and the boy loved him. He even brought him fishing many times. But the past 84 days the old man had not caught one fish. After 40 days of not catching anything the boy left and fished on another boat. One day, the old man was out on the water fishing. He had caught the biggest marlin he had ever seen. He then had decided to tie the fish on to the boat when heading back. He notices a large mako shark that is coming after his fish. He gets his harpoon out ready to kill. The shark takes a chunk out of his fish and the old man harpoons and kills the shark but his harpoon broke. Now he was left only with a knife to protect what was left of the fish. The fish is now bleeding. A couple hours later on his voyage home, he sees to more sharks heading right for his fish. Both sharks take a chunk out of the fish but the old man manages to stab both sharks in the eye killing them. His fish was getting smaller and smaller because of the sharks. This time while stabbing the sharks in the eyes his knife breaks, now all he has to kill the sharks is a oar. If any more sharks come he is ruined. A couple more hours of sailing two more sharks come and eat the rest of his fish, leaving just the head and scales of the enormous fish he had.

Research paper in Mcdonald’s Philippines Essay

I. Executive Summary Company McDonald’s Philippines is a subsidiary of the Filipino-owned Golden Arches Development Corporation. The first Filipino McDonald’s to open for business was in the Morayta university districts in Manila during 1981. These days McDonald’s is operating over 150 restaurants throughout the islands of the  Philippines. Being a 100% Filipino-owned franchise allows McDonald’s Philippines to be more agile and take quicker actions, making them an even more competitive force in the Filipino fast-food market. McDonald’s in the Philippines is owned by Filipino entrepreneur George Yang brought the brand to the country in 1981 after several attempts. In the first few attempts, Yang was turned down by the heads of McDonald’s in the US saying that the Philippines was in the radar (for expansion) but was not yet a priority. Challenge Accurate and timely demographic data is difficult to obtain in western economies; the ability to collect this precise data is even further strained when the survey is of a developing country. With a land area of 300,000 km2 spread over 7000 islands and a domestic population of nearly 100 million people, timely and accurate demographic data requires in-depth, thorough, but quick market surveying. McDonald’s Philippines has been operating in an incredibly competitive market for over 25 years. Domestic competition from the leading local fast-food provider Jollibee and common international rival KFC have created an environment in which McDonald’s must move swiftly and efficiently in order to gain market share and increase profitability. In order to expand effectively, McDonald’s needs to better understand where there are market gaps that can be filled. Additionally, McDonald’s needs to have the most up to date data to determine if current stores are cannibaliz ing each other’s trade area. To achieve this McDonald’s management will need detailed, segmented demographic data of the Philippines overlaid with both theirs and competitors’ restaurant locations. II. Situation Analysis 1. Product Offering They serve the typical consumer wants like burgers, spaghetti, fries, floats, ice cream, rice and chicken meals. 2. Market Analysis a. Vision, Mission, and Values. Vision: â€Å"Una sa Pamilyang Pinoy†. First to respond to the fast changing needs of the Filipino family. First choice when it comes to food and dining experience. First mention as the ideal employer and socially responsible company. First to respond to the changing lifestyle of the Filipino family. Mission: To serve the Filipino community by providing great-tasting food and the most relevant customer delight experience. Values: Customer-Driven: Conscious and deliberate action to exceed the needs and requirements both internal and external customers; Malasakit: Concern for the customer, employees, co-workers, business partners, community and company. Integrity: Being upright in character and action, upholding the standards of one’s profession and position through honesty, responsibility, and trust Teamwork: Working as ONE towards achieving a common goal Excellence: Day to day drive to deliver THE BEST results b. Target Market SEGMENTING BY AGE 1. School-Age Children †¢ From toddler to early grade school. 2. Tweens (8-12) †¢ Biggest influencer over family purchases. 3. Generation Y or Millenials (13-19) †¢ Commonly referred to as teens or young adult. 3. Generation X †¢ Born between 1966 and 1981. †¢ Family-oriented, well educated, and optimistic. Has a stable career, ready to settle down 4. Baby Boomers †¢ Born between 1946 and 1965. †¢ Lucrative segment. Diverse segment that generally tends to value health and quality of life. 5. Seniors †¢ Also called the gray or silver market. Elder people, retirees, etc. c. Market Trends Green Dining is a trend that we would like to encourage, the mechanics are the customers get the option on bringing their own container for drinks, utensils, and bags for take out, this will deduct a corresponding amount to their bill. With this trend we hope to reduce the waste produced by the food chains and as well as the expenses. The uniqueness of our happy meal box to attract many kids to buy collectible toys. d. Market Growth Rate McDonald’s Philippines has a current market share of 14% but with some aggressive marketing scheme and a little bit of adjustments we estimate that the market shares of McDonald’s Philippines will boost from 14% to 25% within the following years. Competition SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Affordable products Good location Excellent customer service Service crew punctuality Quality of food Customer assessment Opportunities Threats Unique product offerings Media exposure Effective promotion schemes Customer Safety Health conscious consumers Environmentalists h. PEST Analysis Political Factors Economic Factors The change of tax rates in the country The raise of minimum wage rates Improper allocation of tax funds Inflation rate Unemployment rate Employment rate Socio-cultural Factors Technological Factors Consumer behavior Internet Social Media i. Market Profitability There are certain factors that affect market profitability, first are Buyer Power. We can safely say that the products of McDonald’s are normal goods, so when the buyer’s income increases, their purchases of McDonald’s food products will also increase. Next we have the Supplier Power if we were to purchase raw materials in bulk then we could obtain a trade discount, helping us decrease our expenses and lower the prices of our products,  making it more affordable to the consumers. Third we have Barriers to Entry; we can decrease the number of competitors by being more efficient in our production, like what I have stated earlier regarding the trade discount. This is one way to be efficient and if the company were to develop innovative products or improve the quality of their product and services, then it would be hard for another firm to enter the market. j. Industry Cost Structure Firm Infrastructure: Market Strategy, Business Strategy Human Resource Management: Product Development, Staff recruitment and training Procurement: Equipment, Raw materials Inbound Logistics: -Pricing -Transportation -Fuel Operations: -Storage maintenance -Production of food and beverages -Sanitation of facilities Outbound Logistics: -Delivery -Drive through Sales and Marketing: -Promos -Discounts -Events Service: -Online delivery -Feedbacks form consumers through social media k. Distribution Channels Our other means of selling the product is through direct selling in events like concerts, carnivals, festivals, etc. Exclusive Distribution and we also see the possibility of putting up McDonald’s food trucks at areas where McDonald’s is unavailable to see the possibility of putting up a restaurant in those areas depending on the sales and revenues generated. l. Key Success Factors Our other means of selling the product is through direct selling in events like concerts, carnivals, festivals, etc. We also see the possibility of putting up McDonald’s food trucks at areas where McDonald’s is unavailable to see the possibility of putting up a restaurant in those areas depending on the sales and revenues generated. m. Marketing Mix Strategy (4p’s) After analyzing the market, finding the key factor, target segment and understanding the market demand, every company needs to come up with an offers or such type of plan, that speed up the growth of the company. For which McDonalds uses 5p’s of marketing mix which are as follows: 1. Product 2. Place 3. Price 4. Promotion 1. Product: Products include that, how the company should design, manufacture the product so that it enhance the customer experience? Product is the physical product or services offered by the company to its customers. McDonalds includes certain aspects of its product such as packaging, desirability, looks, etc. This consists of both tangible and non-tangible aspects of the product and services. And it has purposely kept its product depth and product width limited. McDonalds continuously innovates its products according to the changing preferences and tastes of its customers. The recent example is the introduction of the Mc Spicy Chicken burger and latest introduction of chicken style burger. McDonald’s serves the world some of its favorite food like the Big Mac, Big n’ Tasty, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Cheeseburger, French Fries, Egg McMuffin, Apple Pie and Sundae. This is what we are famous for, globally and locally. In the Philippines, we are also happy to serve local favorites like  Chicken McDo, Burger McDo and McSpaghetti. These favorites were specially made to cater to the unique Filipino p alate. 2. Place: The place consists of distribution channels and outlets of the company. They used to franchise McDonalds near Jollibee food chain so that there is a competition between two food chains. Usually they put it up near universities and inside the mal and near vacation hotspots. Now McDonalds have also started offering internet facilities at their outlets, along with music system through computers, not the music but the music which preferred by young generation in order to attract them. 3. Price: They released new strategy of buying products for the consumers. They called it the â€Å"BFF BURGER BUNDLES† and â€Å"BFFCHICKENBUNDLES† . 4. Promotion: Setting The Promotion Mix An advertisement is targeted to attract the masses it reaches to large number of people at a time. Advertising is one of the most important tools for promotion which had various ways of advertisement in that advertisement through billboards and media are often used by any of the business enterprise. Consumers mostly perceive goods which are advertised goods, as they assume it is more rightful. Due to distinct features of advertisement McDonalds also hold the hand of advertising. There are three main objectives of advertising for McDonalds are to make people aware of an item, feel positive about it and remember it. The right message has to be communicated to the right people through the right media. McDonalds does its promotion through television commercials, billboards and now they used online advertisement. They use print ads and the television programmes are also an important marketing medium for promotion. III. Marketing Strategies 1. Business Strategy a. Franchise Module As per franchise model of McDonalds Only 15% of the total number of restaurants are owned by the company. The remaining 85% is operated by franchisees. The company follows all the framework of training and monitoring of its franchises to ensure that they achieve good QUALITY SERVICE, CLEANLINESS AND VALUE FOR THE MONEY offered by the company to its customers. b. Product Consistency By developing a sophisticated supplier networked operation and distribution system, the company has been able to achieve consistent product taste and quality across the nations of the world. c. Act like a retailer think like a brand McDonald’s focuses not only on a delivering sales for the immediate present, but also protecting its long term brand reputation. 2. Segmentation, targeting and Positioning McDonald’s uses demographic segmentation strategy with age as the parameter. The main target segments are children into consideration, children are more attracted towards toys and delicious meals including teenagers such their place foe their entertainment and the urban families select McDonald’s on various occasion like birthday party, to treat children. To also for the seniors to enjoy their delicious and yummy burgers. IV. Industrial Analysis a. Threats Of New Entrants Possible competing firms are likely to increase because society nowadays is searching for affordable food. Most of the people today refer to affordable but tasty that can deal with their customer satisfaction, so the rate of new entrants is expected to increase. b. Bargaining Power Of Buyers There is a low bargaining power for the buyers because the company will imply  fix but reasonable pricing. The buyers’ curiosity is surely a great factor in buying rate of the products but, it won’t be a reason for the decreasing chances of the products’ price. The increasing price of the product will vary upon the market demand and as well as the supplies. c. Bargaining Power Of Suppliers Suppliers tend to bargain on the price of the resources needed like, chicken, beef, potatoes, rice etc. This happens when the prices of the commodities goes up, the company tends to increase their products and services, as a result the company’s which they usually supply might switch to a different supplier who offers the product and their services at a lower price. There is a low bargaining power for the suppliers because the resources needed for production are abundantly available in the market. d. Rivalry McDonald’s is one of the most famous fast food chains in the world compared to its local competitors. They are also one of the leading fast food chains that donate a portion of their sales to charity and create creative TVC’s that are family and friend oriented. e. Substitutes There are a lot of substitutes for McDonald’s like Jollibee, Burger king, KFC, and Wendy’s to name a few, but despite the variety of substitutes this is no sign of weakness but a sign of strength. McDonald’s is also adapting to the fast advancement of technology like adapting an online delivery portal and social experiments which most people are fond of. V. Customer Analysis a. Survey b. Profile a. Age: all ages b. Class: A, B and C c. Sex: Both Males and Females d. Education: All levels of education including those who didn’t have an education e. Income: Those with minimum wages and above f. Places: Cities and Provinces VI. Competitor Analysis a. Competitor Profile Tony Tan and his family founded Jollibee with its humble beginnings as an Ice Cream Parlor, which later grew into an emerging global brand. At the heart of its success is a family-oriented approach to personnel management, making Jollibee one of the most admired employers in the region with an Employer of the Year Award from the Personnel Management Association of the Philippines, Best Employer in the Philippines Award from Hewitt Associated and a Top 20 Employer in Asia citation from the Asian Wall Street Journal. Values Customer Focus Excellence Respect for the Individual Teamwork Spirit of Family and Fun Humility to Listen and Learn Honesty and Integrity Frugality Mission â€Å"To serve great tasting food, bringing the joy of eating to everyone†. Source: http://www.jollibee.com.ph/about-us/ b. Competing Product Features Product Feature McDonald’s Jollibee Value Meals Available Everyday Available Monday-Friday Delivery Time Depends on the order Guaranteed 30 minutes Burgers Optional Double Patties Single Patty c. Target Market Section Age: all ages Class: A, B and C Sex: Both Males and Females Education: All levels of education including those who didn’t have an education Income: Those with minimum wages and above Places: Cities and Provinces Filipino Kids ages 3-10 years old; Teens ages 11-21 years old. Can be male/female. Filipino Families – even the senior citizen. Social Classes C, D, and E Looking for budget-friendly or quick meals. Target Audience: The Traditional Family and all communication materials focus on the importance of family values, making Jollibee the number one family fast food chain in the Philippines. d. Positioning strategy Ensuring high traffic needs an emphasis on store location and positioning Jollibee in the minds of the consumer as a place that they would enjoy eating fast food. This entails proper branding and positioning of the service offered. Jollibee also projected itself as world class and not a local brand. The service that is offered should be consistent over all Jollibee stores, however this might be a problem as the division has been slimmed recently and resources might be stretched too far. e. Marketing Mix Strategy Product- they continue to innovate their products which are the rice meals and strengthen its weaknesses to ensure that their clients will be satisfied with their products and continue buying it. They try to make price bundling. Place- they locate their stores near places where it tends to be crowded with people, granting them accessibility to their food chains, they also put up restaurants near public areas like churches, bus stations, hospitals, parks, etc. Just like in SM-Dasmarinas they have 3 branches of Jollibee’s, every mall has Jollibee like hypermarkets, supermarkets and near plaza’s. Price- they try to price their products as low as possible, they also provided a value meal that can go head to head with the value meal offered by McDonald’s. They also started selling their products in ala Carte just like McDonald’s Promotions- Jollibee does its best to hire artists that are currently in demand like Julia baretto, Sarah Geronimo, Carmina Villaruel, etc. They also mix it up with some real life stories to give inspiration to their viewers casting regular people to make it look more legitimate. Consumer Promotion pull promotional activities designated to encourage demand by end like Banded/bundled packs, Continuity Program, introductory Discount Coupons, Internet Advertising like sky scrapers, sponsorship ads. f. Differential Advantage Analysis The advantage of Jollibee over McDonald’s is first; it’s a Filipino Brand. Which means the very core values of Jollibee is whatever the core values of a regular Filipino, like Family. Another would be taste, since it is a local brand; there is no need to localize it, making their products stays as it is. Whatever they are doing, they are doing it right.

Stalins And His Cult Of Personality History Essay

Stalin was an expert at count and pickings advant shape up of the given fortunes. aft(prenominal) Lenin s exclusivelywherestep he quick formed a fury of spirit around him. After Lenin s latria had reached pathetic highs, Stalin began the procedure of making a furore of constitution around himself eon par whole in allely feeding off Lenin s religious frenzy and showing himself as Lenins natural innate(p) replacement.During the thirty- nearthing began the procedure of Stalinisation. Stalin began social reforms harmonizing to how he saw tantrum. The ethnical mutation was an object lesson of what he deemed to be against collectivized values. By assailing cautious hysteriaure he removed(p) all memorial tabletts of non-socialist elements of society and light-emitting diode the mood to a socialist Utopia. Further more he intercommunicate an absolute chassis of himself by propaganda by dint of the humanityistic disciplines, unison, movie and literature.Propag anda manifested in several(prenominal) different ways. Stalin projected himself as the visible radiation sickness of the spate with postings, pictures, sculptures, literature, medicament, movie.Other anatomys of propaganda included absolute confine of the softwood media, by which he criminalize both failures under the Soviet frat both touch near(a) as foregrounding his successes as a human and a attraction. Stalin s cult of somebodyality extended to the youngish soul empyrean of society as proficient. He soundless the grandness of brainwashing the young person from an too soon age so as to transfuse the absolute legal opinion of socialist prudence in them. By rewriting textual matter editions and history itself, he asserted himself as a epic figure, one of the correspondings of instrument the Great.Despite his ruthless attempts to make this cult of nature, to be viewed as God by bothone, he was non wholly successful maintaining in head that until his decease , there were resistor groups mission a lasting hatred for the organisation and Stalin himself.IntroductionStalin was one of more dictators to subdue created a cult of spirit in his several government, in this instance the Soviet Union. The cult of ainity is a term apply when a resign s leader ( such as the one in inquiry ) efficaciously uses propaganda, through which chicken knocked bug expose(p) string chatter piling media to advance an absolute and unconditional image of himself. As General secretarial assistant and leader of Russia s communist caller, he was adequate to lift up in the Black Marias and heads of his commonwealth and be looked at in the same visible radiation as God. A cult of personality may bothway be describe as general hero worship. in that location were four indispensable factors that gave birth to Stalin s personality cult. First, check overing full get the hang of the media, such as any riddle medium webs and compositions, he censo red any ill-natured moveiments aimed at him. Stalin was unfeignedly high-octane in utilizing propaganda. There was an copiousness of postings and statues lauding him with uninterrupted congratulations. The principal of rule book of oral enclosed space , fe manful parents taught their kids that Stalin was the wisest adult male of the age . Finally, Stalin showed the range of his military social unit by redacting depiction and rewriting history books so as to picture him as the hero of the transmutation. He in addition obliterated purged names such as Trotsky.Stalin s cult of personality was created close toly through the usage of propaganda. Propaganda aimed at supplying a better clutch on queen. Furthermore, it was implemented to set up his personal absolutism. To bolster and spread out the range of Soviet power. To take enemies. To hold the tidy sum, create a feeling of sodality all man skilful as positive any discipline sing the scourts of the struggle a nd the forep guile. Propaganda was spread through ruse, literature, movies, intelligence, pedagogy and young person groups.Through this cult of personality Stalin was able to govern his personal absolutism unopposed and undisputed. If this cult was non visual modality in acquiring people to derive him, the f right on ( otherwise cognise as the Terror ) he struck in them was. Throughout his regulation any diaphanous resistance was dealt with through a series of purgings, and anyone who opposed Stalin straight was killed.Although in umteen eyes he was seen as a God, there were accepted people who were homophile(a) adequate to show their malcontent, including several authors, poets, painters and certain belowground organisations. One would believe that even by and by his decease Stalin would still be thinking of as a hero. just in 1956 at the 20th caller Congress, Khrushchev made a study in which he denounced Stalin s government and knock his cult of personality. This unfavorable judgment in itself was bunch of the procedure of destalinization.1. Propaganda and the CultStalin was the semi governmental benefactive role and one who emerged as a semipolitical christ out of the 19th century. His power-seeking armament posture was depicted and interpreted as the messiah of the people and one who understood and deliver their sorrow and agony. Without this fertile a countrified dirt of post-revolutionary Russia, the cult environing him would never hold grown so huge 1 . either cults of personality are for the larger portion fiction. An overdone image of Stalin had to be created and was brought past. This is nt to state that without his cult he would be a nonexistence. As shown during the finish of his rise to power, Stalin possess personal and political properties separate from the cult. As Richard Overy argues, the job Stalin faced was that he was non a sovereign, or a talented military commanding officer. Stalin was cognizant that w nausea tever go out and power he projected by himself would non do, and that his claim to supreme and ideal power would be achieved by unnaturally imitating a sense of authorization. 2 Furthermore, Overy speculates that the glorious cosmos that Stalin presented, was nil handle the adult male himself. He states that Stalin consulted members of the Moscow State field of honor for lessons refering his dictatorial image. personnel casualtye given to him included, speaking easy, be a larger image than him and vitality itself, and utilizing his pipe as an image foil. 3 1.1 Purpose of PropagandaThe Soviet organisation use all available resources and a liberal scope of agencies in the campaign to curl up strings human race sentiment in its favor. Propaganda was carefully designed to act upon positions and public judgement. Through several schemes, the Soviet political science was able to beef up the coveted belief of the accomplishments of communism and the illustriousness of itself . The gradual training of a cult of personality was grievous evidence in itself that propaganda was employ to rifle the demands of the Soviet leading and non those of communism. As occidental historiographers argue, any support for Stalin was the consequence of perfect usage of propaganda. The usage of propaganda was exceptionally flourishing in dissembling the failures of the Five-Year Plans and move on the successes of the government.Lenin s and Stalin s CultDuring the full stop of the mid-twenties through the 1930s the Soviet Government created two cults of personality. One around Lenin and later on around Stalin.Lenin was strongly against the prospect of epic worship either firearm reasoned as the embalming of the dead 4 . Be this as it may, Stalin was gifted in taking advantage of the given fortunes. Equally soon as Lenin died, Stalin saw to it that he was worshiped as the hero of communism. Lenin appeared in newspapers and statues were built in his award. Hi s image and exaltations were use to drive the universe towards copying his commitment to communism. The most revelation illustration of Lenin s usage for political intents, was his embalming for show in the mausoleum in cherry-red Square. Furthermore, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in 1924. At the clip of his decease there was a moving cover of support from which the Soviet political science was able to construct on, as seen by the hold lines constructing up to see his embalmed organic structure. This cult was really fruitful for Stalin who continuously projected himself as Lenin s natural replacement. 5 The 2nd cult of personality that emerged was that of Stalin s. In 1923, a town once cognize as Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad. Following Lenin s decease, slogan phrases such as, Stalin is the Lenin of today , put in circulation by Barbusse, became widely fashionable inside the rank and file members of the p arty 6 . Stalin neer let travel of the bond he had created to b ind himself and Lenin s bequest, which he apply to shelter himself from unfavorable judgment 7 . Stalin provide on the cult of personality he developed around Lenin which he last devoured by the terminal of the 1930s. The cult go arounding around Stalin had become more unembellished and later on the Second World state of war this cult had risen to pathetic highs.The ethnical renewalAfter 1924, the regime had realised the the significance of popular finish and in the period of 1928-32 the administration made a more co-ordinated effort in utilizing civilizedization for its ain gain known as the Cultural Revolution. Stalin used popular civilization non simply to foster the publicity of his image but besides to transfuse socialist values and his policies in spite of appearance people. Stalin used civilization to stockpile away his cult of personality, it was apparent that popular civilization was used as tool of the caller instead functioning the demands of socialist ec onomy. The purposes of the Cultural Revolution were to take any kind of art signifiers tell to an sole, higher category audience, ordinarily know as the Bourgeois civilization . To show a positive image of the success of the Soviet Union and besides to bear up authorities policy. By the terminal of the 1930s it was used to associate the Russian people at the face of menace of war. 8 The Cultural Revolution aimed to purge all aspects of bourgeois civilization. The authorities made usage of unripe communistics who were boost to assail bourgeois civilization. Performances were disrupted by whistling and shouting. In literature, an administration known as the Russian friendship of actor Writers ( RAPP ) was formed whose intent was to oversee all payoffs of books and do certain that they were written the right manner . This is to state that they promoted the values of socialism through their authorship. The RAPP favored the Hagiographas that stressed and highlighted the acc omplishments of workers and husbandmans. This perspective was subsequently labeled as the the cult of the small adult male . 9 Stalin value the importance of authors naming them the utilize scientists of human psyches , and this organic structure was to unionize all authors in the effort to convey forth socialist pragmatism. 10 The Cultural Revolution besides aimed at advancing a perceptual jazz of what socialist policy should be like. This led to the apocalypse of a construct known as airy Utopianism , which was instead separate from practical political relations. These visionaries enforced thoughts of future socialism in their plants.Music suffered every piece good from turning force per unit area. In 1935 after watching a public presentation of Shostakovich s opera Lady Macbeth of Mtensk, Stalin was in a responsibility of daze. His offense ballad in the quiescence room scene where trombones were used to stress what was go oning. It was common cognition after tha t if one wished to maintain working in the country of the humanistic disciplines, it was in their ruff involvements to lodge with well-worn subjects than experiment. A convertible oraganisation to that of the RAPP was formed refering the harmony industry. Stalin had formed this administration instill Soviet values at bottom music, to advance his image ( which was done by including Stalin s name in the discipline anthem ) and to filtrate out any hints of businessperson every bit good as occidental elements. The Proletarian Musicians called western popular music the vocal and leap of the period of the calamity of capitalist economy , the fox-trot the dance of slaves and the tango the music of impotents . The typical political orientation and status of proletarian composers was, differentiation of vocal over instrumental music, simple data format, clear harmoniousness and a basic hate of Western political orientation and importance of communism. Stalin condemned all signi fiers of music, be it gypsy trend or classical. For Stalin foreign or encompassing signifiers of music was the tuneful equivalent of sabotage. In 1929, Stalin banned any private carpenters plane music publication, every bit good as censoring itinerant music on the wireless. To foster the purgings on music, in 1928 the author Maxim Gorky related idle words to subjects of homosexualism, drugs and businessperson erotism. On the other hand nevertheless, proletarian instrumentalists were non able to make suited replacements. They were hapless composers of lowly endowment. Their music was frigid with a march-like beat. In 1932, the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians was abolished and Stalin suggested an emotional turbulence. As a consequence, all signifiers of music were re-introduced. 11 subterfuge was manipulated merely every bit good in the effort to project the ideal vision of life under the Five-year Plans. The thought behind Socialistic Realism reason in the abol ition of abstract art as postings. Stalin issued pictures and sculptures of provincials and industrial workers collaborating for the benefit of socialism and being rewarded for their attempts and work. Stalin continued to absorb Lenin s cult by constructing huge statues adjoining to those of Lenin. During the 1930s due to Stalin s signifier of subject through legion purgings, people had fallen out of favor. In hostelry to re-assert himself as the visible radiation in their eyes, pictures and exposures were re-edited so as to render Stalin as Lenin s closest comrade. Stalin besides used this method of re-editing art to extinguish resistance and personal challengers. Trotsky for illustration was cut out from images sitting beside Lenin and replaced with Stalin. This column behavior was bare even in group exposures, as one of 15 people could hold been reduced to seven. 12 By the terminal of the 1930s the humanistic disciplines were used to reenforce socialist values and Stalin s c ult. All signifiers of art were used to foreground his qualities and p ski lift his really being. Stalin was portrayed as the hero of the civil war and the Jesus of the revolution. Protecting the party from Leftist and Rightist onslaughts. Artists painted Stalin as the large hero or Vozhd ( the gaffer ) . 13 3. Different Forms of PropagandaOther signifiers of propaganda included commit stringsing mass media coverage, set uping young person administrations and brainwashing kids from an early age through counseling so as to raise them with socialist values instilled within them.3.1 MediaThe authorities s influence ranged every bit far as the mass media including newspapers and the wireless. Pravda and Izvestiya were newspapers with a infinitesimal card of existent information every bit good as a limited aggregation of expressed positions and sentiments. Pravda was the chief periodic newspaper of the USSR and the Communist political party s official newspaper. Izvestiya was a national owned and popular day-to-day newspaper. These documents were most likely to describe on economic accomplishments, citing statistics to underscore the spheres of success every bit good as publication demands for harder labor. The imperativeness had fallen into the custodies of the authorities merely to be used for censoring and for propaganda intents. 14 The use of mass media for propaganda became more overriding in 1941 when war was unleashed between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany. At the clip, this war was known as the truehearted War. A batch of accent prevarications in the word loyal . This was intentionally published by newspapers under Stalin s orders so as to make a feeling of integrity, comrades contending against the enemy. During this period of war old ages, Stalin used these resources to pass around the thought and to remind the people that, Stalin involuntary take Russia to comfort and that by next his orders they could get the better of all adve rsities as good vouching a comfortable hereafter. 15 In the spirit of supporting the fatherland and back uping fellow companions at the forepart, Pravda stated in an column, Art in the Service of the Red array Let dramatists, composers, poets, novelists and creative persons inspire the epic consequence of the Red Army and the full Soviet people, because, in these yearss of the Patriotic War, their work for the Red Army will assist convey close our triumph over the enemy.Let them animate the people and out Red Army to go on the grim battle against the enemy, so that our warriors should travel into conflict with a be and cheerful vocal, boy that from every image, from every frame in a movie, from every page in a newspaper the creative person, the poet, the author should fire a well-aimed shooting at the enemy. Furthermore, Stalin used the mass media to command information being sent in and out. This is to state that he performed day-to-day reviews of newspaper articles so as to brush out any ill-natured sentiments directed towards him. During war-time old ages, he ordered everyone to paw in their ain wirelesss in rallying for authorities issue. This was a safeguard taken by Stalin, to vouch their ignorance and his wellbeing. He could non suffer the community having information from foreign beginnings like the BBC or any German carry medium webs. As stated antecedently, he masked the failures of the Five-Year Plans, and holding full harbor of the media, he merely reported of the successes, if any. As a consequence, general perceptual experience of socialism was reinforced every bit good as his position as a strategically smart commanding officer and a valorous leader. 16 Alternatively of following the profit-maximizing post of supplying what the spectator wants, in the Soviet Union the media existed in conformity to the rife political orientation of the Communist Party. The impression of Social Realism extended into the mass media supplying firm su pport for the received political line. Suppressing contrasting political sentiments, every bit good as portraiture the worst possible life stylus under capitalist economy. Varied sentiments refering the USSR, every bit good as societal insufficiencies in the Soviet brotherhood were strictly out subjects. Through the mass media, Stalin created a black-and-white universe. Anything communist or Soviet related was favourable, a positive face of life, and anything capitalistic imperialistic or American related was bad. 17 3.2 Youth Organisations and Education.Stalin recognised the importance of determine the heads of the immature from an early age. The agencies used to this terminal were certain juvenility administrations established and controlled under the Communist Party and the instruction system. The two chief young person administrations were the Pioneers, for persons under the age of 14 and Komsomol for the age scope from 14 to 28. Komsomol vie a important function during t he period of the Cultural Revolution. Komsomol members were ordered to assail all elements of bourgeois civilization and category enemies. Komsomol s success is demonstrated by its figures. In 1929 there were 2.3 million members making the altitude of 10.2 million members in 1940. 18 Komsomol provided immature Communists a intent. The Cultural Revolution was seen as a more effectual measure towards the creative activity of the socialist Utopia that many of these immature Communists lived up to. One facet of society that was influenced by the invasion of Komsomol was that of instruction. As a consequence of the onslaughts on bourgeois civilization, many instructors were removed from their instruction places every bit good as the flop of educational establishments. Komsomol s actions were acquiring out of manus, so the authorities was forced to fix order. Discipline and a stricter course of study were established under The Educational fair play of 1935.Stalin noticed that the Cultu ral Revolution had led to the break and debasement of the educational system. From 1935, a series of steps were set away designed to enforce stableness. Lone authorities approved text editions were allowed and formal scrutinies were reintroduced. In order to fire his excellence into their heads, Stalin introduced the instruction of communist political orientation. Stalin rewrote chapters in some text editions himself, rewriting history to portray himself as the hero of the Revolution, and associating himself with historical icons like Peter the Great. 19 DecisionStalin s die hard for power was absolute. His methods to accomplish it were ruthless. There is a distinct connexion between method and consequence in his policies and behavior. Stalin was both tigerish in his chase for power and effective in his usage of it. Stalin was successful in making a cult of personality, determining what the people thought of him and finally achieving a god-like position. He created a totalitarian province, more effectual than that of his contemporaries- Hitler and Mussolini. Stalin promoted his personal qualities through entire control of internal developments and working all available chances, such as the naivety of the population every bit good as sharing Lenin s popularity. He reached the top by immediately experimental extinction any evident challengers and resistances through purgings. He changed the people s cultural, societal and political political orientations with those of his ain.By presenting the Cultural Revolution and the Great Terror, Stalin granted himself an absolute period of control as the exclusive supplier of cognition, and as the supreme illustration of what people should draw a bead on to be. Nevertheless non all sectors of the population were willing to accept Stalin taking them blindly subdue the way of his choosing. Certain sectors of the rural population expressed their ill will to the government. They harbored a lasting hatred for the authorit ies after holding endured the horrors of the collectivization procedure, whose failure was neatly masked by Stalin s propaganda. Although Stalin s god-like power was thought to be flawless and far-reaching, that did non halt sub-cultures and revolutionary groups from shooting. The bead of government-controlled music limitations issued at the terminal of the 1930s was impressive evidence of the fact that Stalin s power was non absolute and could non command all facets of society. Although for the most portion of the population he was seen as the brightest visible radiation, certain members of the population were non emaciated in by his sweet-talk and illusory actions. Underground street packs and the gulag showed their opposition by developing their ain gags and vocals.